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A torque converter is a fluid coupling which is utilized to be able to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, that is an internal combustion engine or as electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is like a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanical clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a significant difference between input and output rotational speed.
The most popular kind of torque converter used in auto transmissions is the fluid coupling unit. In the 1920s there was even the Constantinesco or pendulum-based torque converter. There are various mechanical designs utilized for continuously changeable transmissions that can multiply torque. For example, the Variomatic is a version that has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive that is incapable of multiplying torque. A torque converter has an added part which is the stator. This changes the drive's characteristics during times of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating elements inside a torque converter: the turbine, that drives the load, the impeller, which is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, that is between the turbine and the impeller so that it could alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under any condition and this is where the term stator originates from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still allowing forward rotation.
Modifications to the basic three element design have been incorporated sometimes. These modifications have proven worthy specially in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is needed. More often than not, these alterations have taken the form of several turbines and stators. Each set has been designed to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various examples consist of the Dynaflow that utilizes a five element converter so as to produce the wide range of torque multiplication considered necessary to propel a heavy vehicle.
Though it is not strictly a part of classic torque converter design, various automotive converters comprise a lock-up clutch to reduce heat and in order to enhance cruising power transmission efficiency. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
